• A criminal uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase products or services.
  
• A family member uses a card to purchase products or services without authorization.
• A customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment.
• Criminals hack into an eCommerce merchant's payment processing system and issue credits to their card accounts. 

• Hackers capture card account information during transmission between the merchant and its acquiring bank.
  
  
• Hackers gain access to merchant services provider's payment processing system and steal customers' account information.

• Criminals gain access to and steal cardholder information from a merchant services provider's site and use it for fraudulent transactions.
  
  
• A merchant or a merchant services provider's employee steals cardholder information and uses it for fraudulent transactions.
  
  
• Cardholder information is stolen from trash bins at merchants' or merchant services providers' locations containing unshredded account information.

•   Products or services are not as described on the website.
•   A customer is billed before the product is shipped or the service provided.
•   There is a disagreement or confusion between the merchant and the cardholder regarding a return or a refund.
  
•   A customer is billed twice for the same order or is billed an incorrect amount.
•   A customer does not recognize the merchant's name on his or her credit card statement.
•   Products or services are billed without customer approval.

Fraudulent transactions involving unauthorized use occur when stolen cards or account information are used to purchase products and services. The cards and account numbers are legitimate but their use is not. Typically, fraud in card-not-present environment involves purchasing high-priced items that are easily resold (e.g. electronics, jewelry, etc.).